Uvodna sekcija (tematski format)
Companies
Unit 1 – Companies – Survival of the fittest
Keynotes: joint/stock companies, shareholders, subsidiary, assets, mergers, acquisitions, entrepreneur, multinationals
Reading: the text: ‘A matter of choice’
Vocabulary from the text: to run a company, handful, hierarchy, lifetime employment, trade unions, high-volume, high-value, to move up the ladder, durable, tangible assets, shareholder power, to lease, takeover, regularity, stock market
Speaking: What type of the company would you like to work for? What are the advantages and disadvantages of working for a large multinational / small or medium-sized family business / a new high-tech corporation?
Grammar: Present simple vs Present continuous tense
The Simple Present Tense
Form : In the affirmative the simple present has the same form as the infinitive, except in the third person singular where it adds an ‘s’.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Negative interrogative
I play
You play
He/she/it plays
We play
You play
They play
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he/she/it play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?
I do not play
You do not play
He/she/it do not play
We do not play
You do not play
They do not play
Do I not play?
Do you not play?
Does he/she/it not play?
Do we not play?
Do you not play?
Do they not play?
Contractions: The verb do is normally contracted in the negative and negative interrogative:
I don’t play, she doesn’t play, don’t you play? don’t they play?
The main use of the Simple Present Tense:
· is to express habitual actions. In this case it is often used with adverbs or adverbial phrases such as: always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, every week, on Mondays, twice a year, or with time clauses expressing routine or habitual actions:
He always works at week-ends.
Our dog barks a lot at night.
It is also used:
· to express permanent truths:
The Sun rises in the East.
· for future formal arrangements, i.e. for a planned future action or series of actions, particularly when they refer to a journey:
We leave the hotel at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours at the Eifel Tower and leave again at 15.00
· by radio commentators at sport events or for dramatic narrative. This is particularly useful when describing the action of a play or an opera:
Ronaldo moves up to the net.
When the curtain rises, Julie is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked man enters.
· for instructions:
First you press the red button.
· in certain time clauses instead of a future form:
We’ll call her when you come.
· in type 1 conditional sentences:
If I see him I’ll tell him about it.
· in newspaper headlines:
BRITAIN MOVES HIGHER IN BRIBERY LEAGUE
FASHION VICTIM FIGHTS BACK
The Present Continuous Tense
Form: The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be and the present participle:
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I am playing
You are playing
He/she/it is playing
We are playing
You are playing
They are playing
Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he/she/it playing?
Are we playing?
Are you playing/
Are they playing?
I am not studying.
You are not playing.
He/she/it is not playing.
We are not playing.
You are not playing.
They are not playing.
Negative interrogative is also possible: Are you not playing? Isn’t he playing?
Contractions
The verb be can be contracted in the following way:
Affirmative
Negative
Negative interrogative
I’m playing
You’re playing
He’s playing
I’m not playing
You’re not / you aren’t playing
He’s not / he isn’t playing
Aren’t I playing?
Aren’t you playing?
Isn’t he playing?
The Present Continuous Tense is used:
· for an action happening at the moment of speaking.
We are watching a film on TV.
It is snowing.
Why are you shouting at me?
· for an action happening about this time but not necessarily at the moment of
speaking:
He is Learning French.
Jane is taking guitar lessons.
· for informal plans for the near future, with a future time reference and generally with verbs of movement (come, arrive, leave, visit). Here we are talking about definite arrangement in the near future and this is the most usual way of expressing one’s immediate plans:
I am leaving tomorrow morning.
Are you doing anything tomorrow evening? Yes, I am going out with Jane.
· for repeated actions with adverbs like always, forever; usually when the frequency annoys the speaker:
You’re always doing stupid things!
He is always losing things: keys, money…
· for temporary situations or actions that may not be in progress at the moment of speaking.
They are working in Budapest at the moment.
· for polite enquiries:
I’m wondering if you could do me a favour.
Some verbs (often called verbs of perception) are generally not used in the continuous tenses[1] and have only one present tense, the simple present. These verbs can be grouped as:
-verbs of the senses: appear, feel, hear, look, see, smell, notice, observe, resemble, seem, taste
-verbs expressing feelings and emotions: admire (respect), adore, appreciate (value), desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, love, like, mind (care), prefer, respect, value, want, wish
-verbs of mental activity: agree, appreciate (understand), assume, believe, detest, expect (think), feel (think), forget, forgive, know, matter, mean, need, perceive, realize, recognize, remember, see (understand), suppose, think (have an opinion), trust (believe, have confidence in), understand, wonder
-verbs of possession: belong to, owe, own, possess
Think can be used in the continuous when no opinion is given or asked for:
What are you thinking about? (What is going on in your mind?)
I am thinking about the play we saw last night.
When opinion is expressed, the verb think is used in the simple present:
I think they will come (I believe this).
What do you think about this programme?
Verbs be and have, when expressing permanent state or possession, are used in the simple tense. But when they express a temporary situation, can be used in the continuous:
She is clever. (permanent state)
Now you are being silly. (temporary state)
He has a nice house. (possession)
He is having breakfast. (temporary situation)
We are having nice weather this week. (temporary situation)
Exercises (The Present Continuous and Present Simple Tense)
A Circle the correct form of the verbs:
Dear Karen,
I’m having / I have a great time here in England. My university term isn’t starting / doesn’t start until the autumn, so I’m taking / take the opportunity to improve my English. I’m staying / stay with some English friends who are owning / own a farm. On weekdays I’m catching / I catch a bus into Torquay to go to language classes. I’m making / I make good progress, I think. My friends say / are saying my pronunciation is much better than when I arrived, and I’m understanding / I understand almost everything now. At weekends I’m helping / I help on the farm. At the moment they’re harvesting / they harvest the corn and they’re needing / they need all the help they can get. It’s quite hard work, but I’m liking / I like it. And I’m developing / I develop some strong muscles!
Do you come / Are you coming to visit me at Christmas? I’m spending / I spend the winter holiday here at the farm. My friends are wanting / want to meet you and there’s plenty of space. But you must bring your warmest clothes. It’s getting ? It gets very cold here in the winter.
Let me know as soon as you’re deciding / you decide. And tell me what you’re doing / you do these days.
Do you miss me?
Love,
Paul
B Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets, either simple present or present continuous tense
1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) __________ her kids to football practice.
2. Usually, I (work) ___________________ as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) _______________ French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) ____________________.
C Read the Trekking Journal and supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:
[1] This division is given in A.J.Thompson and A.V.Martinet, (1987:156) and Grba, G. i Radovanović, K.,(1995:40).
Leadership
Unit 2 – Leadership
Keynotes: to inspire, to motivate, to develop talent, management style, to delegate, subordinates, authority
Reading: the text: ‘When to terrorize the talent’
Vocabulary from the text: dressing room, refuge, to emerge, wound, management tactics, to strangle, tool, chief executive, indispensable, apparently, economic upswing, scarce, to turn tough, to strike the balance, to meet a challenge, steady market, distinction, prospect, annual meeting, failure, self-employed, fragile, indispensable
Speaking: What is the best way to motivate employees?
Grammar: The Article
1.1 The words a/an and the are called ‘articles’: a/an is the indefinite article, and the the definite article.
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:
a woman a dog a one-way street
The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel: a, e, i, o, u or words beginning with a mute h:
an apple an egg an orange an island
an umbrella an hour
A/an is the same for all genders:
a man a woman a duke a duchess
an actor an actress a car
The is the same for singular and plural and for all genders:
The girl the boy
The man the woman
The book the books
1.2 The Indefinite article is used[1]:
· before a countable singular noun when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:
A man and a woman were sitting in the hall.
She bought an ice-cream.
· before a countable singular noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
A car must be insured. (all cars/any car)
A rose is a flower.
· to denote number one: one of a number of possible objects or ideas
Would you like a sandwich?
He has a brother and a sister.
· before the names of professions and nationalities:
He is a doctor. Monica is an Italian. Richard is a protestant.
She will become an actress one day.
· in certain expressions of quantity and certain numbers:
a great deal of a hundred
a lot of a thousand
a couple a million
a dozen
· in expressions of price, speed, frequency;
$10 a kilo five times a day
sixty kilometers an hour
The General Annual Meeting is held once a year.
· in some exclamations before singular nouns:
What a day! Such a lovely dress!
It was such a boring evening!
· in front of Mr./Mrs./Miss followed by someone’s surname when that person is a stranger to the speaker:
a Mr. Jones, a Mrs. Taylor
1.3 The article is NOT used:
· before plural nouns:
a dog > dogs
an apple > apples
· before uncountable nouns
They decided to buy new furniture.
There is no news about them.
· before names of meals used in a general sense,
We have breakfast at nine.
He was invited to dinner.
But the article is used if the speaker is referring to a particular meal:
Are you coming to the dinner that the Smiths are organizing in London next
week?
· before mass nouns used in a general sense
Butter is made from cream.
Wheat is grown in Canada.
· before abstract nouns used in a general sense
Life can be very hard sometimes.
He got used to hard work.
Money can’t buy you love.
But the definite article is used before abstract or mass nouns that are limited or qualified:
The life we have here is hard.
The work that we do...
The milk in the fridge is not fresh.
· before plural nouns used in a general sense
Books are Tom’s best friends.
But if the plural noun is determined by the context the definite article is used:
The books that are on the table are mine.
· before most proper nouns
Pierre comes from France.
There will be a concert in Hyde Park.
Do you know where Oxford Street is?
· before the names of lakes, capes and mounts
Lake Palic, Mount Everest, Cape Cod
Except when these words are followed by of:
The Lake of Como, The Cape of Good Hope, The Mount of Olives
· before titles followed by a proper noun
King George, Professor Smith, Lord Byron, President Lincoln
· with the names of languages,
Maria speaks Spanish and Italian fluently.
· before the names of the months, season and festivals
I like New York in spring.
We all gather at Easter/on Boxing Day.
John’s birthday is in September.
· before the names of sports
They play basketball and football at school.
· before the names of streets, parks, squares, bridges and airports
Gazela Bridge, Central Park, Republic Square, Victoria Station,
Barajas Airport, Wall Street
· with words like cook, nurse, postman, teacher when they have the meaning
‘our cook/postman’
Look what postman has brought, a letter for you!
Since they have the function of names here, the omission of the article is natural.
1.4 The Definite Article is used:
· when the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique:
the earth the Moon the sky the stars the equator
the Bible, The Lord The east the west
· before a noun which is definite because it is being mentioned the second time:
We saw a girl in the street. The girl was wearing faded jeans.
Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage. The cottage was in the country and the boy had lived there all his life.
· before the names of certain historical periods:
the Renaissance, The Middle Ages, The Restoration
· before a noun determined by a phrase or clause:
the boy that we saw the school he went to
the house with iron gate the road to Madrid
the fourteenth of April the book on the table
· before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing:
Put it in the refrigerator.
Mary is in the kitchen.
I left the keys on the table.
· before the name of a country that is a union of smaller entities:
The Netherlands, The United States, The United Kingdom
· before groups of islands:
The West Indies, The Bahamas, The Philippines,
· before the names of rivers, chains of mountains and oceans:
The Thames, The Sava, The Danube, The Pacific, The Alps, The Andes,
· before the names of ships, trains and airplanes:
The Queen Mary, The Flying Scotsman, The Orient Express,
· before the names of hotels, shops, institutions, museums, art galleries, theatres, cinemas:
The Hyatt Hotel, The Odeon Cinema, The National Theatre,
The Prado Museum, The National Gallery
· before the names of the well-known monuments and buildings:
the Eiffel Tower, the Coloseum, the Empire State Building
· before a singular countable noun to make a generalization about a species:
The horse was gradually replaced by the tractor.
The steam engine was a remarkable discovery.
The dog is man's best friend.
· before the names of musical instruments used in general sense:
Mrs. Robinso plays the piano.
· before the superlatives used attributively
This is the funniest story I have ever heard.
· before adjectives used as nouns denoting a whole class
the rich the poor the black the white
· before the group of people belonging to the same nationality and the family name when we refer to the whole family:
the Italians, The Dutch,
The Simpsons live in Chicago.
· before the names of the daily newspapers:
The Times, the Guardian, the Telegraph, The Politika
· before mass and abstract nouns when they are not used in general sense, but in particular situations
The cheese I bought this morning smells odd.
The love of Romeo and Juliet was immortal.
1 Are these articles in these sentences correct? Write (C) correct or (I) incorrect and correct the incorrect sentences. For example:
a
He’s
angood manager ( I )1 This is the best job I’ve had. ( _____ )
2 The turnover was the higher than last year. ( _____ )
3 The company made a huge losses last year. ( _____ )
4 Our headquarters are based in the centre of the city. ( _____ )
5 I gave him a same report that you gave me. ( _____ )
6 Can you give me a example of what you mean? ( _____ )
7 She works in the finance. ( _____ )
8 She works in the Finance department. ( _____ )
9 The unemployment rate is falling for the third year in the row. ( _____ )
Speaking: Imagine that you are the person’s manager. How would you approach the situations on page 21? What would you say to the person in each case?
Career skills: Getting things done (str. 21)
Culture at work: Being direct (str. 21)
[1] Use of definite and indefinite article is given in: Thompson, A.J., and Martinet, A.V.(1987:15-24)
Strategy
Unit 3 – Strategy
Keynotes: strategy, planning process, market, competition, opportunity, growth, strategic, resources
Reading: the text ‘Nike’s Goddess’
Vocabulary from the text: product development, economic forecast, competitor, technology, human and financial resources, fashions and trends, current sales, potential, sales pitch, turnoff, galvanize, HQ –headquarters, to redefine, to reenergize, to stay in step, newcomer, to reach an objective, retail icon, apparel
Suffixes: active – activist, misery – miserable, senior – seniority, custom – customer, resident – residential, energy - energise
Speaking: Which of the factors do you think a company considers when it undergoes the strategic planning process? (str.24)
Grammar: Future forms
The Future Simple is formed with will/shall and the infinitive
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I will/I’ll play / I shall play
You will/you’ll play
He will play
We will play/we’ll play/we shall play
You will play
They will play
Shall I play?
Will you play?
Will he play?
Shall we play?
Will they play?
Will they play?
I will not/won’t play/
I shall not /I shan’t play
You will not/you won’t play
He will not/he won’t play
We will not/won’t play/we shall not play /we shan’t play
You will not/ won’t play
They will not/won’t play
Negative interrogative: will he not/won’t he play? etc.
The Future Simple tense is used
· for actions that will take place sometime in the future, i.e. when we express our opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future or merely predict what will happen. These may be introduced by verbs such as assume, believe, hope, expect, doubt, be afraid, suppose, think etc:
I’ll meet you in the café tomorrow afternoon.
(I suppose) they will sell the house.
(I believe) he will join us for dinner.
· for future habitual actions which we assume will take place:
Spring will come again and birds will build nests.
They will build new blocks of flats in this area.
· for future (formal) arrangements:
The wedding will take place at the church.
· idiomatically, i.e. to express a habit or custom in the present:
Boys will be boys.
· in Type 1 conditionals and time clauses
If he decides to go, he’ll let us know.
When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt.
· in newspapers and news broadcasts, for formal announcements of future plans and for weather forecasts. In conversation such statements would normally be expressed by the present continuous or be going to form.
Newspapers: The President of the company will give a press release tomorrow.
Sunny weather will persist in coastal areas.
Note[1]: The general rule of shall for the 1st person singular and plural and will for the rest applies to British English. American English prefers will for all persons.
The use of first person will and shall
Formerly will was used for intention:
I will wait for you. (I intend to wait for you)
Shall was used when there was no intention of the speaker:
I shall be 25 next month.
We shall know the results next week.
Shall, used as above, is still found in formal English, but is o longer common in conversation. Instead we usually used will:
I will be 25 next week.
We’ll know the results next week.
Shall is still used in interrogative:
Let’s take a taxi, shall we?
Shall we take a taxi?
Shall I take these to your room?
Shall is sometimes used to express determination of the speaker:
We shall fight and we shall win. (a speech)
I shall be there, I promise you.
Won’t can be used with all persons to express negative intention:
Little Tommy won’t do his homework. (meaning he refuses to do it)
The Simple Present used for the future
This tense can be used with a time expression for a definite future arrangement, timetables, itineraries and schedules:
Catharine starts school on Monday.
The championship ends on August 29th.
The plane takes off at 5:30.
We leave at six, arrive in Dublin at ten and take the plane on…
Although the present continuous can be used for definite future arrangements, the present simple sounds more formal.
Exercises
A Put the verbs in brackets into the right form, either simple present or future simple tense:
1. Today after I (get) out of class, I (go) to a movie with some friends.
2. When you (arrive) in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) you around thecity and help you get situated.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate)?
B: After I (receive) my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) to graduateschool at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
4. If it (snow) this weekend, we (go) skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. Your father (plan) to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet) youacross the street near the ice cream shop. If something happens and he cannot be
there, I (pick) you up instead.
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we(experience) huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century.
7. If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually) her job.
8. I promise you that I (tell, not) your secret to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) meabout what happened that day, I (reveal, not) the truth to a single person.
9. She (make) some major changes in her life. She (quit) her job and go back toschool. After she (finish) studying, she (get) a better paying job and buy a house.
She is going to improve her life!
10. Tom (call) when he (arrive) in Madrid. He (stay) with you for two or three daysuntil his new apartment (be) available.
The Present Continuous used as a future form
The present continuous can express a definite arrangement in the near future:
I am taking an exam in October. (this implies that I have entered for it)
When using this tense as a future form time must be mentioned, as otherwise there may be confusion between present and future. Also, future cannot be expressed in this way with the verbs not normally used in the continuous form:
I am meeting him tonight but I will know tonight. Not I am knowing tonight.
The be going to form used as a future form
This form, be going to + the full infinitive, is used to express intention and prediction.
When it expresses the speaker’s intention to perform a certain action it is always premeditated and there is the idea that some preparation for the action has been made.
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
But there is a difference between this form and present continuous when they express future. While
I am meeting Tom at the station
implies that Tom and the speaker have made an arrangement to meet, in the example:
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
means that this is the speaker’s intention only and that Tom may get a surprise.
When it is used for prediction, this form expresses the speaker’s feeling of certainty. The time may not be mentioned, but the action is expected to happen in the near or immediate future:
Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.
Listen to the wind. We’re going to have big waves on the beach.
a) I'm going to visit my grandmother
(intention)
b) I'm visiting my grandmother today
(future informal arranged action)
I'm leaving for London tomorrow.
c) (Ding-dong) Mary: "I'll answer it!
(future unpremeditated action)
Exercises (different ways of expressing future)
A Put the verbs in brackets into the right form, either future simple or be going to form:
Pay
Unit 4 – Pay
Keynotes: ‘fat cats’, pay package, reward, pension, ‘golden parachute’, severance deal, remuneration committee,
Reading: the text ‘The rewards of failure’
Vocabulary from the text: outrageous, limbo, lavish, to reward, advisory, vote, voter, discontent, corporate performance, at the sharp end, to board, mood change, severance deal, legal fight, guaranteed bonus, one-way bet, to make a fuss
Multi-part verbs: point out, set up, look after, call on, buy up, step down, get ahead, go under, break down, call off
Speaking: How much should shareholders have in executive pay deals? How should employees be rewarded, based on their performance, company loyalty, experience and knowledge?
Grammar: The Present Perfect and The Simple Past Tense:
The present perfect (on of the present tenses) tells us about the situation now:
I have lost my key – meaning that I don’t have my key now. The past simple tells us only something about the past. If somebody says ‘Se lost her keys’ they don’t tell us whether she has the keys now or not. They only tell us that she lost her keys at some time in the past.
We use the present perfect for new or recent happenings:
I’ve repaired the TV. It’s working OK now.
We use the past simple for things that are not recent or new:
Mozart was a composer. He wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
We use the present perfect to give new information. But if we continue to talk about it, we normally use the past simple:
A: Ow! I’ve burnt myself.
B: How did you do that?
A: I picked up a hot dish.
Exercises: The Present Perfect and The Simple Past Tense
A[1] Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary:
1. I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere. OK_____________
2. Have you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? Did you eat……………__
3. I’ve bought a new car. You must come and see it. ________________
4. I’ve bought a new car last week. ________________
5. Where have you been yesterday evening? ________________
6. Lucy has left school in 1999. ________________
7. I’m looking for Mike. Have you seen him? ________________
8. Have you been to Paris? Yes, many times. ________________
9. I’m very hungry. I haven’t eaten much today. ________________
10. When has this book been published? ________________
B Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple:
1 I don’t know where Lisa is. Have you seen (you/see) her?
2 When I _______________ (get) home last night, I ______________ (be) very tired and
3 _______________ (go) straight to bed.
4 A: ________________ (you/finish) painting the bedroom?
B: Not yet. I’ll finish it tomorrow.
5 George _________________ (not/be) very well last week.
6 Mr. Clark ________________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
7 Molly lives in Dublin. She ________________ (live) there all her life.
8 I don’t know Carol’s husband. I _________________ (never/meet) him.
9 A: Is Martin here? B: No, he _______________ (go) out.
A: When exactly ________________ (he/go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.
C Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple:
1 It stopped raining for a while, but now it’s raining again. (stop)
2 The town is very different now. It has changed a lot (change)
3 I did German at school, but I ____________ most of it now. (forget)
4 The police _____________ three people, but later they let them go. (arrest)
5 What do you think of my English? Do you think it ________________? (improve)
6 A: Are you still reading the paper?
B: No, I ______________ with it. You can have it. (finish)
7 I _______________ for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasn’t successful. (apply)
8 Where’s my bike? It _________________ outside the house, but it’s not there now. (be)
9 Look! There’s an ambulance over there. There _____________ an accident. (be)
10 A: Have you heard about Ben? He _____________ his arm. (break)
B: Really? How ________ that _________? (happen)
A: He ________________ off a ladder. (fall)
Career skills: Evaluating performance (str.39)
Culture at work: Fixed objectives or flexibility? (str. 39)
Prosperity or Preservation
Unit 5 - Development – Prosperity or preservation?
Keynotes: benefits, economically developed countries, GDP, natural resources, pollution, to endager, construction project
Reading: The text: -Gas for Peru v Green Imperialism
Vocabulary from the text: upstream consortium, downstream consortium, GDP, to strike the balance, contract, contractors, gas reserves, energy-hungry, opponent, to threaten, a marine reserve, to minimize the costs, offshore technology, massive soil damage, to generate tax revenue
Speaking: How has the quality of life changed in your country over the last few years? What do young people have today that their parents didn’t have?
Grammar: Modal verbs of Likelihood or Probability
We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty) when we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are.1: Talking about the present:
must / might / could / may / can't
- must + infinitive
- might / might not + infinitive
- could / could not + infinitive
- may / may not + infinitive
- can't + infinitive
For example:
I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David.
I ask: 'Where is Julie?'
David guesses:- She must be on the bus. (I'm fairly sure this is a good guess)
- She might come soon. (maybe)
- She could be lost. (maybe)
- She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)
- She can't be at home. (I'm fairly sure this isn't true)
Notice that the opposite of 'must' is 'can't in this case.
Will / won't
We use will and won't when we are very sure:
- She'll be at work now.
Should / shouldn't
Should and shouldn't are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything is as we expect:
- They should be there by now.
- It shouldn't take long to drive here.
This use of should isn't usually used for negative events. Instead, it's a better idea to use will:
- The underground will be very busy now (not: 'should be').
Can
Can is used for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes happens:
- Prices can be high in London.
Can is not used to talk about specific possibilities:
- He could be on the bus (not: 'can be').
2: Using modal verbs to talk about the past:
must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle
- must have + past participle
- might / might not have + past participle
- could / couldn't have + past participle
- may / may not have + past participle
- can't have + past participle
For example:
You: Where was Julie last night?
David:- She must have forgotten about our date.
- She might have worked late.
- She could have taken the wrong bus.
- She may have felt ill.
- She can't have stayed at home.
Will / won't + have + past participle
Will and won't / will not + have + past participle are used for past certainty (compare with present use of 'will' above):
- The parcel will have arrived before now.
Should + have + past participle
Should + have + past participle can be used to make an assumption about something that has probably happened, if everything is as we expect (compare with present use of 'should' above):
- The train should have left by now
Could
We can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with the use of 'can' above):
- Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.
This is not used to talk about specific possibilities in the past (instead we use could + have + past participle):
- He could have been working late (not: 'could be'. As this is a specific possibility, 'could be' is present tense)
1 Circle the right answer:
1 They __________ be really happy with us if they’re offering more work.
a) must b) might c) could
2 With only a few more decades before fossil fuels run out, we _________ have to find new sources of renewable energy.
a) must b) should c) are going to
3 We believe that this strategy _______________ generate in the region of a thousand new jobs.
a) ought b) should c) mustn’t
4 Twenty years ago no-one ______________ imagine the threat their actions were having on the environment faces now.
a) could b) can c) may
5 Everyone says it’s a problem of climate change but I don’t agree. The outcome _______________ be as bad as everyone thinks.
a) might not b) might c) would
6 I’ve spoken to some of you before and know that you ____________ be familiar with my ideas on this subject.
a) cannot b) would c) will
7 But I’m certain that any delay to this plan ____________ cost us a fortune in the long term.
a) would b) may c) must
8 It’s possible that they __________ change their minds when they see the costs involved.
a) must b) may c) can
9 Higher interest rates _____________ to slow down public borrowing.
a) should b) must c) ought
10 It ______________ be a great help if you could work late tonight.
a) would b) can c) must
Writing: Prepare a short presentation of how you see your own future career. Include information about what you would like to happen and how you think your life will change in the coming years.
Career skills: Showing cause and effect (str. 47)
Culture at work: Dealing with unclear situations (str. 47)
Marketing
Unit 6 – Marketing – Seducing the Masses
Keynotes: marketing mix, the four Ps, competitive advantage, aspirations,
Reading: the text: ‘Money can buy you love’
Vocabulary from the text: to manipulate, to corrupt, aspirations, veteran, to threaten, grim, anti-branding, portion, showcasing, logo, premium, occasional, handful, sales pitch, responsive, marketers, valuable, to appeal, stamp, social responsibility
Speaking: What are your favourite brands of the following products: soft drinks, clothes, cars, shampoo?
Grammar: Comparison of adjectives
When one thing is compared or contrasted with another in respect of a certain attribute we use comparison. Comparison can express equality, superiority or inferiority, i.e. it can say whether two people or things possess some quality in the same degree (equality) or in different degrees (superiority or inferiority). It can also express supremacy of one person or thing in respect of an attribute.
There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.
positive
comparative
superlative
old
older
oldest
hot
hotter
hottest
careful
more careful
most careful
Equality is expressed by the positive degree:
Harry is as old as William. It is just as hot today as it was yesterday.
Mary is as careful as Margaret.
Superiority is expressed by the comparative degree:
George is older than William. It is hotter today than it was yesterday.
Elizabeth is more careful than Margaret.
Inferiority is expressed by using ‘less...than’:
Margaret is less careful than Elizabeth.
It is less hot today than it was yesterday.
But it would be far more usual to say:
Margaret is not so (as) careful as Elizabeth.
It isn’t so (as) hot today as it was yesterday.
Supremacy is expressed by the superlative degree. The adjective in the superlative degree is always preceded by the definite article:
That was the happiest day of his life.
He is the oldest man in the village.
With one-syllable adjectives (except right, wrong, real), two-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel sound or syllabic –l, and certain two-syllable adjectives that have their stress on the first syllable (quiet, pleasant, common, narrow) the comparative and superlative degrees are formed in the following way:
positive
comparative
superlative
clear
clear+er
the clear+est
sweet
sweet+er
the sweet+est
soft
soft+er
the soft+est
With most two-syllable adjectives that have their stress on the first syllable and adjectives with more than two syllables the comparative and superlative degrees are formed in the following way:
positive
comparative
superlative
beautiful
more beautiful
the most beautiful
surprising
more surprising
the most surprising
splendid
more splendid
the most splendid
Some adjectives have irregular comparisons[1]:
positive
comparative
superlative
bad
worse
the worst
far
farther
further
the farthest
the furthest
fore
former
the foremost
the first
good
better
the best
late
later
latter
the latest
the last
much
many
more
the most
old
older
elder
the oldest
the eldest
in
inner
the innermost
the inmost
out
outer
utter
the outermost
the outmost
up
upper
the uppermost
the utmost
Exercises
A Complete the sentences using a superlative or a comparative of the adjectives in brackets[2]:
1. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town. (cheap)
2. Our hotel was cheaper than all the others in the town. (cheap)
3. The United States is very large, but Canada is ___________. (large)
4. What’s _____________________ country in the world/ (small)
5. I wasn’t feeling well yesterday, but I feel a bit __________________ today. (good)
6. It was an awful day. It was _________________________ day of my life. (bad)
7. What is ___________________ sport in your country? (popular)
8.xEverest is _________________ mountain in the world. It is _____________________than any other mountain. (high)
9. We had a great holiday. It was one of _________________________ holidays we’ve ever had. (enjoyable)
10.I prefer this chair to the other one. It’s _________________________. (comfortable)
11.What’s _______________________ way of getting from here to the station? (quick)
12.Sue and Kevin have got three daughters. _________________is 14 years old. (old)
B Complete the sentences using as...as + the following:
bad comfortable fast long often quietly soon well well-qualified
1. I’m sorry I’m late. I got here as fast as I could.
2. It was a difficult question. I answered it __________________________ I could.
3. ‘How long can I stay with you?’ ‘You can stay ________________________ you like.’
4. I need the information quickly, so let me know _________________________ possible.
5. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming ___________________________ I can.
6. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in ____________________ I could.
In the following sentences use just as...as:
7. I’m going to sleep on the floor. It’s _________________________the bed.
8. Why did he get the job rather than me? I’m ___________________him.
9.xAt first I thought he was nice, but really he’s ______________________everybody else.
C Write a new sentence with the same meaning:
1. Richard is younger than he looks. Richard isn’t ________as old as he looks.
2. I didn’t spend as much money as you. You ____spent more money than me.
3. The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn’t _________________
4. The meal didn’t cost as much as I expected. The meal cost _______________
5. I go out less than I used to. I don’t __________________________________
6. Karen’s hair isn’t as long as it used to be. Karen used to _________________
7. I know them better than you do. You don’t ___________________________
8.xThere are fewer people at this meeting than at he last one. There aren’t
____________________________________.
Complete a discussion about some photographs for a marketing campaign with the words in brackets. Write the words in their adjective, adverb, comparative or superlative form.
A: I like this picture of the couple on the boat. It’s a (1)__________________(good) image because it shows the lifestyle of our customers.
B: Yes, but I think the people in it need to be (2)__________________(young). If we’re going target a (3)__________________(wide) market we need something (4)__________________(exciting). How about this picture? It’s much (5)__________________(hard).
A: Yes, but the car is a bit male for me!
B: What do you mean?
A: Even the (6)__________________(cynical) female customer in the world would see that this is about men.
B: Women drive cars too!
A: But not ones as (7)__________________(large) as that. No, I think the brand image should be (8)__________________(soft). Something that women will respond more (9)__________________(positive) to.
B: The third picture gives the (10)__________________(easy) understood image because it actually shows the product.
B: I know but how many adverts feature the product anymore?
Speaking: Do you agree that young people no longer believe advertisement? What influences your buying decisions?
Career skills: Considering alternatives (str. 55)
Culture at work: Factual or vague? (str. 55)
Outsourcing
Unit 7 – Outsourcing – The great job migration
Keynotes: globalization, cost savings, operating costs, outsourcing, business processes, call centr, servie provider, off-shoring, back-office job, facility, labour costs
Reading: The text: ‘The new global shift’
Vocabulary from the text: back-office jobs, IT, to outbid rivals, manufacturing jobs, downsizing, demand, to dry up, overseas pilot project, meanwhile, to expand, implication, white-collar work, blue-collar work, backlash, surplus, layoffs, to flee, help-desk support, internet service provider, database
Speaking: Can you think of any companies in your country going off-shore?
Grammar: Conditionals 1 and 2
Conditional Clauses are complex sentences which show the condition under which some action in the main clause is realized. A conditional sentence contains an (subordinate) adverbial ‘if clause’, which states the condition, and a main clause which indicates the result of the condition. The conjunctions and phrases these subordinate clauses begin with are: if, unless, if not, in case (that), on condition (that), supposing, provided, whether… or, as long as. The conditional clauses are classified into three types: Real, Potential and Unreal Conditional.
Real Conditional – Type 1
They express a future idea that is practical or possible under the stated condition, i.e. they have future time reference.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
if
The Simple Present Tense
will + infinitive
can
may
must
If she comes earlier, she will join us to dinner.
If the weather is fine, we can all go fishing.
If the roads are icy, there may be more accidents.
If the teacher insists, we must finish the exercise.
If the main idea of the conditional clause is to express a habit which is the result of some conditions, both the main and subordinate clause contain the Present Simple tense:
If it snows, the roads are slippery.
If you heat water, it boils.
If she has enough time, she usually walks to school.
Exercises
A Complete the following sentences:
1. If she has classes in the morning, he (go) to his karate club in the afternoon.
2. If it is very cold, Jake (light) a fire in the fireplace.
3. They (take) a bus if they want to go downtown.
4. If it is a warm day, Ann (wear) only a light jacket.
5. Betty (make) herself a snack at noon if her mother is not a t home.
6. If the team goes on tour, the fans (like) to see the players off.
7. The spectators (cheer) enthusiastically if their team scores a goal.
Sometimes the main clause contains the imperative instead of the Future Tense:
If it snows, be sure to wear your boots.
If you are late to work, take a taxi.
In Type 1 conditionals, will comes in the main clause, not in the if-clause, but there is an exception when we wish to be very polite:
If you will kindly wait here, I’ll be back in a moment.
will = be willing to
B Complete the sentences with the following verbs:
be, bring, buy, feel, give, go, have, need, remember, see, stay, tell, throw, wait
1. If the shop is closed, ____ to the drugstore.
2. If you know anything about it, please ____ me.
3. If you are going to the kitchen, ____ me a plate.
4. ____ me a drink, if you have the money.
5. Let’s ____ at home if you (not) ____ like going to the fair.
6. Lend him some money, if he ____ it.
7. If it is out of date, ____it away.
8. If you see Jane, ____ me to her.
9. If you see Jane, ____ her my love.
10. (not) ____ so stubborn if you want people to cooperate with you.
When the condition (if clause) seems less likely, or you want to be more polite, should can be used.
If he should call, I’ll arrange a meeting with him .
If you should see Mary, please tell her to give me a ring..
Should = by any chance
If is frequently omitted:
Should he come, I’ll arrange a meeting with him.
Should you see Mary, please tell her to give me a ring.
C Rewrite the following sentences using should:
1. If he happens to forget, I’ll remind him.
2. If by any chance she phones while I’m out, I’ll ask her to call back.
3. What will you do if by some chance he refuses to help you?
4. What will they do if by some chance it gets colder?
5. If you happen to be interested, please let me know.
Clauses beginning with unless (if … not) are also a kind of conditional. Unless is stronger than if … not, almost a kind of threat. The main clause is often in the negative:
I won’t write unless you write first.
D Rewrite the sentences using unless:
Example: I won’t do it if you don’t help me.
I won’t do it unless you help me.
1. If you don’t have a visa, you can’t enter this country.
2. We won’t hold a meeting if he doesn’t come.
3. Nobody will speak to you if you don’t apologize.
4. I shall forget it if I don’t write it down.
5. The bank won’t give you a loan if you don’t have an account with them.
6. They won’t give you the job if you don’t know the language.
7. He can’t wake up on time if he doesn’t set his alarm clock.
E Supply if or unless in the following sentences:
1. I’ll answer the phone ____ you wish.
2. You won’t learn much ____ you work harder.
3. You’ll never get a good job ____ you finish college.
4. We won’t go out ____ it stops raining.
5. ____ the weather is warm, I can sunbathe in the garden.
6. The won’t answer the door ____ you ring three times.
7. ____ we have flu, we stay at home.
8. They certainly won’t give you permission to enter ____ you have a pass.
9. We usually walk to school ____ we have enough time.
10. ____ the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain will leak inside.
Conditional 2
Type 2 conditionals are also called potential conditionals because they describe something that is possible, but not probable, the result of unlikely circumstances. These sentences make a hypothesis which may be contrary to the fact in the present with the past tense in the if clause and the conditional present in the main clause. They have present or future time reference.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
if
The Simple Past Tense
or Subjunctive
Would + infinitive
could
should
might
If I had more time, I would certainly spend it with my family.
If he did his best in the exam, he should succeed.
If I had a Ferrari, I could take you for a drive.
If you told the truth, she might believe you.
If I were you, I would take that job.
Exercises:
A Complete the following sentences:
1. Would you drive a car if you (not have) a driving license?
2. If she (be) in love with him, she would marry him.
3. If she didn’t know the answer, she (not can) tell you.
4. If he (not spend) so much money, he would have some at the end of the moth.
5. I would talk to him if he (apologize).
6. What would happen if I (touch) this button?
7. What would you do if someone (break) into your flat?
8. If you (go) by plane, how long would it take to get to Dublin?
9. Would the staff be happy if they (get) a rise in salary?
10. English (be) easier to speak if it (not have) irregular verbs.
11. I (buy) a new computer program if I (can) afford it.
12. If I (be) s member of the jury, I (choose) Miss Taiwan as Miss Universe.
B Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense. The following example will help you:
People don’t have wings.
If people (have)wings, they (can) fly.
If people had wings, they could fly.
1. I don’t live on my own.
I think I (be) happier if I (live) on my own.
2. My parents don’t understand me.
If they (understand )me better, I (talk) to them about my problems.
3. You are not very practical.
I (try) to be more down to earth if I (be) you.
4. She doesn’t plan for the future.
If she (plan) for the future, her life (be) more organized.
5. I live in the suburbs.
If I (live) in the centre, I (not spend) so much time in trams and buses every
day.
Would comes in the main clause as well as in the if-clause in the following cases:
1. if you want to be very polite:
If you would let us know immediately, we would be most obliged.
2. to express annoyance or a strong wish
If only you wouldn’t be so rude, we wouldn’t have so many complaints about
your work.
You would like Chinese food if only you would try it.
C Make the following sentences sound more polite. The following example will help you:
If you help me, I’ll be grateful
If you would help me, I would be grateful.
1. If you do something about it, I’ll be grateful.
2. If you accept our invitation, we’ll be pleased.
3. If you make an appointment for me with the bank manager, I’ll appreciate it.
4. If you attend our meeting, we’ll be obliged.
5. If you let us take a photo, we’ll be grateful.
Career skills: Making and responding to suggestions (str.65)
Culture at work: Decision-making (str.65)
Finance
Unit 8 – Finance – The Bottom Line
Keynotes: irregularity, mismanagement, financial reporting, SEC – securities and exchange commission, balance sheets, income statement, profit and loss account, outgoings
Reading: the text: ‘Europe’s Enron’
Vocabulary from the text: financial scandal, corporate governance, to overstate one’s account, pride, apparent, units, subsidiaries, to absolve of responsibility, firm-wide tendency, to account for something, auditor, food retailer, authorities, chief accountant
Speaking: Do you think CEOs who falsify accounts are criminals and should go to jail or is it an acceptable risk to falsify accounts if it helps safeguard the company’s future and jobs?
Grammar: Adjectives and Adverbs
Read part of a presentation. Write the words in brackets as an adjective or adverb.
This pie chart shows the differences between the three sectors are (9)_________________(strike). Our Europe markets fell (10)_________________(dramatic) compared with last year. Though this market is still (11) _________________(clear) much bigger for us than Latin America and North America, the fall has remained (12)_________________(steady) now for the last three years. This next graph shows you that Latin American markets fluctuated (13)_________________(slight) but the general trend is (14)_________________(slow) upwards. North America on the other hand, after suffering some (15)_________________(poor) months, came back (16)_________________(strong) in the second half of the year.
Speaking: presenting graphs and charts (str.72, 73)
Career skills: (Referring to visuals (str. 73)
Culture at work: Formal and informal presentations (str. 73)
Literatura
Osnovna literatura:
· Trappe, T.; Tullis, G.. 2006. Intelligent Business Coursebook, Intermediate Business English. Pearson Education Limited.
· Pile, L. 2006. Intelligent Business Workbook, Intermediate, Pearson Education Limited.
Dodatna literatura:
· Johnson, C. 2006: Intelligent Business Intermediate, Skills book , Pearson Education Limited.
· Maltez, K. 2006. Grammar Practice (Gramaticke vezbe iz engleskog jezika za studente Megatrend univerziteta), Megatrend univerzitet, Beograd.
Ispitna pitanja za usmeni deo ispita
Unit 1
· Would you prefer to be a freelance worker or employed with a fixed salary? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each situation?
· Think of examples of different company types: hierarchies or those with flat hierarchies, online companies, multinationals?
Unit 2
· What are the best ways to motivate employees?
· Why does fear make people work hard? Can fear motivate people as successfully as rewarding them?
· Think about a very good manager or teacher you have known, what made him/her special?
· In what ways can successful leaders win the respect of subordinates and exercise authority over them?
Unit 3
· What three changes has Nike had to make in its effort to appeal to a female audience?
· What factors does a company consider when it undergoes the strategic planning process?
Unit 4
· How much say should shareholders have in executive pay deals?
· What recent events and developments have there been in your country? Think about the following: politics, the economy, celebrity life, sport, fashion
· How should managers decide on someone’s salary, based on their experience, knowledge, performance, seniority in the company, company loyalty?
Unit 5
· How has the quality of life changed in your country over the last few years? What do young people have today that their parents didn’t have?
· How do you see your career in the future?
· Read the descriptions on page 47 and think of some possible scenarios.
Unit 6
· Do you agree that young people no longer believe advertisement? What influences your buying decisions?
· What are your favourite brands of the following products: soft drinks, clothes, cars, shampoo?
Unit 7
· Why do companies go offshore? Can you think of any companies in your country going off-shore?
· What is outsourcing?
· What are the advantages and risks of going offshore?
· Would you be interested in working in India? What terms and conditions would make yu accept a job there?
Unit 8
· Think of some famous financial scandal. Explain what happened.
· Do you think CEOs who falsify accounts are criminals and should go to jail or is it an acceptable risk to falsify accounts if it helps safeguard the company’s future and jobs?
·