Uvodna sekcija (tematski format)
Recruitment
Unit 9 – Recruitment – Hiring for the Future
Keynotes: human resources, CV, resume, payroll, candidate, qualifications, experience, skills, peronnel
Reading: the text: ‘A Full House’
Vocabulary from the text: long odds, to nail the deadline, to weed out, guinea pig, to launch, application, to apply, applicant, interview, to conduct checks, hire-and-fire authority, law-enforcement officials, to reject, behavioral questions, computer terminal
Speaking: Imagine you were given a responsibility of hiring several thousand employees for a new hotel in a short period of time. How would you organize the recruitment process?
Grammar: Relative clauses
Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns: who (nominative), whom (objective), whose (possessive), which, that for persons and things, and the adverbs where and when. There are two types of relative clauses: defining (restrictive), and non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses.
A defining relative clause[1]is essential to the meaning of the sentence:
My friend who lives in London is an architect.
(the who clause tells us which friend)
The relative pronoun (except whose) can be omitted if it is the object of the verb or of a preposition in the clause:
This is the car (that) my father bought.
That is the boy (that) I was telling you about.
People
Things
Subject
who, (that)
that (which)
Object
(that)
(that)
Preposition
(that)…preposition
(that)…preposition
Possessive
whose
of which (whose)
A non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clause is a clause which adds information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. It represents additional information, but the sentence could do without it.
My friend Thomas, who lives in London, is an architect.
(here the who clause just adds information)
Mrs. Smith, whom we met this morning, is going to support our project.
Paul Jones, who works in my department, has just been promoted.
Non-defining relative clauses[2] are typical of written English. The clause introduced by a relative pronoun is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted.
People
Things
subject
…,who…,
…, which…,
object
…, whom…,
…,which…,
preposition
…,preposition + whom…,
…,preposition + which…,
(…,who… preposition)
(…,which…preposition)
possessive
…, whose…
…,of which…,
(…,whose)…,
Exercises
A Add the missing relative pronoun. Note that defining relative clauses are never preceded by a comma in writing[3]:
1. The man….you want has just left.
2. The lady .…was here yesterday has gone to London.
3. The magazine….you lent me is very interesting.
4. The chair …. was broken is now mended.
5. The old man… .lives next door has just died.
6. Women…. work in hospitals are to be admired.
7. The cigarette… .you are smoking is a Player’s.
8. The girl …. lives opposite my house is very pretty.
9. The fish.…I ate yesterday was not good.
10. The street…. leads to the school is very wide.
11. The flowers.… I cut this morning are still fresh.
12. The dress… .you are wearing is lovely.
13. The person …. is sitting next to me is not very clever.
14. The man .…cut your hair did it very badly.
15. The music….the orchestra is playing is a Strauss waltz.
B Link the sentences with a defining relative clause, omitting who or which where possible:
1. I know the company. Jack works for it.
I know the company Jack works for.
2. Have you been to the sports shop? It has very expensive trainers.
______________________________________________________
3. I met a woman. She lives next door to Clare.______________________________________________________
4. We are going to see the new James Bond film. Everybody is taking about it.
______________________________________________________
5. Joan reads a lot of books. They tell you how to be a success in business.
______________________________________________________
6. Look! There’s the new teacher. I told you about her.
______________________________________________________
7. I’m wearing the leather jacket. My mother gave it to me for the birthday.
______________________________________________________
8. Did you meet the man? He won the London Marathon.
______________________________________________________
C Add relatives where needed:
1. The knife….we use to cut bread with is very sharp.
2. The man.…I gave the book to has died.
3. The shop.… we buy our cakes from is shut.
4. The girl.…works in the box-office is my sister.
5. I’m afraid that’s all .…I’ve got.
6. The paint on the seat .… you are sitting on is still wet.
7. The ties…. my boy-friend wears are awful.
8. Any man .… listens to you is a fool.
9. The old gentleman.… lives across the road has got married for the fifth time.
10. The horse….you were telling me about yesterday came in last.
11. The man… .you see at the desk is the secretary.
12. The girl…. mother I was talking to has left the room.
13. This is the room…. I first met my wife in.
14. All the people.…I have ever met have disliked him.
15. Any paper…. you read will give the same story.
D Complete the letter with who, which or where:
Dear Carol,
I’m having a great time here in Canada. It really is a beautiful country. I’ve got a room with a family. I’m enclosing a photo of them _____ I took last week.
The girl _____ is holding the dog is the daughter, Tina. The mother is called Sarah. She’s the one _____ is sitting on the left. Her husband, Roy, is the man in the dark jacket. The boy _____ is sitting on the right is their thirteen-year-old son, Dominic. Their other son, Richard, is standing between Tina and Roy. The dog is called Rufus. Have you ever met a dog _____ liked ice cream? This one does. The park _____ I took the photograph is quite near their house. It’s beautiful round there!
See you soon.
Best wishes,
Sue
E Use the chart below to write sentences about your stay in New York: non-defining relative clauses with which and where:
You are in New York..
Name
Type
Location
When
RESTAURANTS
Alfredo
Bibliotheque
Sam Wo
Italian
French
Cantonese
Uptown
Midtown
Downtown
Yesterday
Last Wednesday
Next Monday
SHOPS
Bloomingsdale’s
Unique
Dean and Deluca
Department store
Boutique
Food store
Lexington Avenue
West Broadway
Broadway
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Two days ago
CLUBS
The Factory
The Bottom Line
Kilimanjaro
Jazz
Rock
Reggae and salsa
SoHo
Chelsea
Queens
Last Saturday evening
Yesterday
Tomorrow
1 Yesterday O went to Alfredo’s, which is an Italian restaurant in Uptown Manhattan.
2 ___________________________________________________________________
3 ___________________________________________________________________
4 Tomorrow I’m going to Bloomingdale’s, which is a department store on Lexington Avenue.
5 ___________________________________________________________________
6 ___________________________________________________________________
7 Last Saturday evening I went to a club in SoHo called The Factory, where you can listen.
8 ___________________________________________________________________
9 ___________________________________________________________________
Writing: Writing a CV
Career skills: Smalltalk
Culture at work: Attitudes to personal space
[1] The table is taken from G. Grba, K. Radovanovic, (1995:210).
[2] The table is taken from G. Grba, K. Radovanovic, Better English (1995:211).
[3] The exercises B and C are taken from Thompson and Martinet, Exercises 2, (1987:92).
Counterfeiting
Unit 10 – Counterfeiting - The globalization of deceit
Keynotes: counterfeiters, patents, protect intellectual property, infringements, fakes, digitization, file sharing system, downloading
Reading: the text: Imitating property is theft
Vocabulary from the text: counterfeiting, peril, forged currency, ever-widening range, to broaden, range, vulnerable to, perpetrator, to deceive, to defraud, diverse, victimless, sopycat, flattery, shoddy, sweatshops, to churn out
Prefixes: -in, -un, -il
Speaking: Are there cases of copyright infringements in your country?
Grammar: Conditional Clauses
Conditional Clauses are complex sentences which show the condition under which some action in the main clause is realized. A conditional sentence contains an (subordinate) adverbial ‘if clause’, which states the condition, and a main clause which indicates the result of the condition. The conjunctions and phrases these subordinate clauses begin with are: if, unless, if not, in case (that), on condition (that), supposing, provided, whether… or, as long as. The conditional clauses are classified into three types: Real, Potential and Unreal Conditional.
Real Conditional – Type 1
They express a future idea that is practical or possible under the stated condition, i.e. they have future time reference.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
if
The Simple Present Tense
will + infinitive
can
may
must
If she comes earlier, she will join us to dinner.
If the weather is fine, we can all go fishing.
If the roads are icy, there may be more accidents.
If the teacher insists, we must finish the exercise.
If the main idea of the conditional clause is to express a habit which is the result of some conditions, both the main and subordinate clause contain the Present Simple tense:
If it snows, the roads are slippery.
If you heat water, it boils.
If she has enough time, she usually walks to school.
Exercises
A Complete the following sentences:
1. If she has classes in the morning, he (go) to his karate club in the afternoon.
2. If it is very cold, Jake (light) a fire in the fireplace.
3. They (take) a bus if they want to go downtown.
4. If it is a warm day, Ann (wear) only a light jacket.
5. Betty (make) herself a snack at noon if her mother is not a t home.
6. If the team goes on tour, the fans (like) to see the players off.
7. The spectators (cheer) enthusiastically if their team scores a goal.
Sometimes the main clause contains the imperative instead of the Future Tense:
If it snows, be sure to wear your boots.
If you are late to work, take a taxi.
In Type 1 conditionals, will comes in the main clause, not in the if-clause, but there is an exception when we wish to be very polite:
If you will kindly wait here, I’ll be back in a moment.
will = be willing to
B Complete the sentences with the following verbs:
be, bring, buy, feel, give, go, have, need, remember, see, stay, tell, throw, wait
1. If the shop is closed, ____ to the drugstore.
2. If you know anything about it, please ____ me.
3. If you are going to the kitchen, ____ me a plate.
4. ____ me a drink, if you have the money.
5. Let’s ____ at home if you (not) ____ like going to the fair.
6. Lend him some money, if he ____ it.
7. If it is out of date, ____it away.
8. If you see Jane, ____ me to her.
9. If you see Jane, ____ her my love.
10. (not) ____ so stubborn if you want people to cooperate with you.
When the condition (if clause) seems less likely, or you want to be more polite, should can be used.
If he should call, I’ll arrange a meeting with him .
If you should see Mary, please tell her to give me a ring..
Should = by any chance
If is frequently omitted:
Should he come, I’ll arrange a meeting with him.
Should you see Mary, please tell her to give me a ring.
C Rewrite the following sentences using should:
1. If he happens to forget, I’ll remind him.
2. If by any chance she phones while I’m out, I’ll ask her to call back.
3. What will you do if by some chance he refuses to help you?
4. What will they do if by some chance it gets colder?
5. If you happen to be interested, please let me know.
Clauses beginning with unless (if … not) are also a kind of conditional. Unless is stronger than if … not, almost a kind of threat. The main clause is often in the negative:
I won’t write unless you write first.
D Rewrite the sentences using unless:
Example: I won’t do it if you don’t help me.
I won’t do it unless you help me.
1. If you don’t have a visa, you can’t enter this country.
2. We won’t hold a meeting if he doesn’t come.
3. Nobody will speak to you if you don’t apologize.
4. I shall forget it if I don’t write it down.
5. The bank won’t give you a loan if you don’t have an account with them.
6. They won’t give you the job if you don’t know the language.
7. He can’t wake up on time if he doesn’t set his alarm clock.
E Supply if or unless in the following sentences:
1. I’ll answer the phone ____ you wish.
2. You won’t learn much ____ you work harder.
3. You’ll never get a good job ____ you finish college.
4. We won’t go out ____ it stops raining.
5. ____ the weather is warm, I can sunbathe in the garden.
6. The won’t answer the door ____ you ring three times.
7. ____ we have flu, we stay at home.
8. They certainly won’t give you permission to enter ____ you have a pass.
9. We usually walk to school ____ we have enough time.
10. ____ the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain will leak inside.
Potential conditional - Type 2
Type 2 conditionals are also called potential conditionals because they describe something that is possible, but not probable, the result of unlikely circumstances. These sentences make a hypothesis which may be contrary to the fact in the present with the past tense in the if clause and the conditional present in the main clause. They have present or future time reference.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
if
The Simple Past Tense
or Subjunctive
Would + infinitive
could
should
might
If I had more time, I would certainly spend it with my family.
If he did his best in the exam, he should succeed.
If I had a Ferrari, I could take you for a drive.
If you told the truth, she might believe you.
If I were you, I would take that job.
Exercises:
A Complete the following sentences:
1. Would you drive a car if you (not have) a driving license?
2. If she (be) in love with him, she would marry him.
3. If she didn’t know the answer, she (not can) tell you.
4. If he (not spend) so much money, he would have some at the end of the moth.
5. I would talk to him if he (apologize).
6. What would happen if I (touch) this button?
7. What would you do if someone (break) into your flat?
8. If you (go) by plane, how long would it take to get to Dublin?
9. Would the staff be happy if they (get) a rise in salary?
10. English (be) easier to speak if it (not have) irregular verbs.
11. I (buy) a new computer program if I (can) afford it.
12. If I (be) s member of the jury, I (choose) Miss Taiwan as Miss Universe.
B Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense. The following example will help you:
People don’t have wings.
If people (have)wings, they (can) fly.
If people had wings, they could fly.
1. I don’t live on my own.
I think I (be) happier if I (live) on my own.
2. My parents don’t understand me.
If they (understand )me better, I (talk) to them about my problems.
3. You are not very practical.
I (try) to be more down to earth if I (be) you.
4. She doesn’t plan for the future.
If she (plan) for the future, her life (be) more organized.
5. I live in the suburbs.
If I (live) in the centre, I (not spend) so much time in trams and buses every
day.
Would comes in the main clause as well as in the if-clause in the following cases:
1. if you want to be very polite:
If you would let us know immediately, we would be most obliged.
2. to express annoyance or a strong wish
If only you wouldn’t be so rude, we wouldn’t have so many complaints about
your work.
You would like Chinese food if only you would try it.
C Make the following sentences sound more polite. The following example will help you:
If you help me, I’ll be grateful
If you would help me, I would be grateful.
1. If you do something about it, I’ll be grateful.
2. If you accept our invitation, we’ll be pleased.
3. If you make an appointment for me with the bank manager, I’ll appreciate it.
4. If you attend our meeting, we’ll be obliged.
5. If you let us take a photo, we’ll be grateful.
Unreal Conditional - Type 3
Type 3 conditionals are also called unreal conditional because they describe something that never happened, the result of circumstances that never existed. Thus they have the past time reference.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
if
The Past Perfect Tense
Would + infinitive
could
should
might
If you had come on time, the boss wouldn’t have got angry.
If he had only tried harder, he should have succeeded.
If she had tried once more, she could have persuaded him to join us.
If I had been careful, I might not have fallen in love with the wrong person .
In a literary style, if can be omitted from the condition, so that the inversion is used
Had he only tried, he would have succeeded.
Had they known, they never would have made such a mistake.
Conditional can be introduced with other conjunctions besides if: even if, on (the) condition that, provided (providing) that, suppose, supposing:
Exercises
A Rewrite these sentences using the conjunction in brackets:
1. If you (not tell) anyone else, I’ll let you in on a secret. (provided that)
2. I can’t go to the party if I (find) something suitable to wear. (even if)
3. I could do the crossword puzzle if I (have) a good dictionary. (provided that)
4. You can’t have another helping of ice cream if there (be) enough to go around.
(even if)
5. We could redecorate our room if the shop (supply) all the wall paper we chose.
(on the condition that)
6. If you (lose) all your money, what would you do? (supposing)
7. If you (feel) ill, would you have gone to the concert? (suppose)
8. He can get an interpreter’s job if he (study) the language. (provided that)
9. Would you get a good mark if you (make) several spelling mistakes. (even if)
10. If I (be) short of money, would you lend me some? (supposing)
B Complete the following sentences:
1. I wasn’t hungry. If I (be) hungry, I (eat) all the sandwiches.
2. She didn’t take the medicine. If she (take) medicine, she (feel) better.
3. We didn’t know you were waiting. If we (know) you were waiting, we (come) sooner.
4. You didn’t explain it to him. He (understand) if you (explain) it to him.
5. You didn’t tell me you were coming. If you (tell) me you were coming, I (prepare) dinner for you.
6. I liked the area where I lived. If I (not like) the area where I lived, I (move).
7. He stopped gambling. If he (not stop) gambling, he (lose) everything he had.
C For each situation, write a sentence beginning with if:
1. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything.
If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten something.
2. The accident happened because the road was icy.
_______________________________________
3. I didn’t know that Joe had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.
______________________________________
4. I was able to buy the car only because my parents lent me the money.
_______________________________________
5. Karen wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt
_______________________________________
6. I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money.
_______________________________________
D Conditional sentences – mixed types:
1. If John had driven that car, he (not do) ________ a thing like that.
2. It your mother were very old, she (not live) _______ alone.
3. If you went to the house, no doubt you (find) ________ him in the library.
4. If that man crosses my threshold, I (strike) ________ him across the face.
5. If we (be) _______ in doubt, he would explain it to us again.
6. If I had been sure you were still listening to those old records, I (not throw)
________ them away.
7. If it starts raining we (be) _______ compelled to take shelter.
8. We (be) _______ most grateful if you would sign the contract with us.
9. If it hadn’t been for my wife, I (be) _______ asleep when the thief broke in.
E Finish the sentences with a suitable expression:
1. If you don’t drive more slowly…
2. I am sure that if it all happened again…
3. If I were a millionaire…
4. Would you mind if I…
5. I will let you know if…
6. If I had thrown up my work and gone to a far off land…
7. If you got lost in a big town…
8. If you had to go to Canada, what…
If he ate less, …
Speaking: Why do people download music from the Internet? Give reasons
Career skills: Giving reasons (str. 91)
Culture at work: Showing feelings (str. 91)
Markets
Unit 11 – Markets – The People’s Company
Keynotes: marketplace, negotiation, price setting, to exchange, supply and demand, electronic marketplaces, e-commerce, B2B, auction, to bid, highest bidder
Reading: the text: ‘Going, going, gone?’
Vocabulary from the text: casualty, awesome, tailored, shoplifting, to dilute, to be in charge, influence, product development, market research, merchandising, glitch, tip, discussion board, Pez dispensers, to gross, grand, to keep in touch
Speaking: Have you ever bought or sold something on e-Bay? What was your experience like?
Grammar: Gerund
present
perfect
active
taking
having taken
passive
being taken
having been taken
The gerund can be used[1]:
· as the subject of a verb: Swimming is good exercise.
· as the object of a verb: I enjoy swimming.
· after prepositions: I am fond of swimming.
· after certain adjectives: Is the book worth reading?
She is busy making dinner.
· after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, mind, keep)
Would you mind closing the door?
She kept asking me about John.
· with the possessive adjective or object form of a personal pronoun when the subject of the verb does not apply to the gerund:
I don’t mind his/him using my dictionary. (He is using my dictionary. I don’t
mind it)
· after phrasal verbs (be for/against, care for, give up, see about…)
Would you see about hiring a boat for this afternoon?
· after the expressions (can’t bear, can’t stand, it’s no use, it’s no good, be accustomed to, be used to, there is no point in, look forward to)
It’s no use over spilt milk.
· after go with verbs denoting physical activity:
I’m going sailing this afternoon.
· for action that are prohibited:
No parking No smoking Talking is not allowed
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund: begin, bear (can’t bear), continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, learn, need, omit, prefer, regret, remember, stop, start, try.
In some cases, generally verbs expressing feelings (like, live, hate) there is very little difference in meaning, only that the infinitive suggests momentary action while the gerund suggests continuing action[2]:
I like singing I like to sing.
I love dancing I love to dance.
In other cases there is considerable difference:
I remember going to the post office. (I did this)
Remember to go to the post office. (you should do this)
I’ll never forget dancing with him. (I danced with him)
Don’t forget to dance with him. (You should dance with him)
She stopped talking. (She was no longer talking)
She stopped to talk with her neighbour. (She stopped what she was
doing so she could talk.)
I now regret having been so unkind. (I was unkind)
We regret to inform you that your son has had an accident. (A polite
way of giving bad news)
Exercises
A Gerund is used after certain verbs followed by prepositions. Some of these verbs are: accuse of, approve of, apologize for, congratulate on, decide against, dream of, forgive for, insist on, object to, prevent from, stop from, succeed in, suspect of, think about/of, warn against. Complete the following sentences using gerund.
1. I apologized ____ (keep) him waiting.
2. My parents don’t approve ____ money. (borrow)
3. Are you thinking ____ medicine? (study)
4. The man was suspected ____ a speculator. (be)
5. I congratulated my friend ____ the entrance exam at the Faculty of Civil Engineering (pass)
6. Nobody prevent him ____ to court to be a witness (come)
7. I have never dreamed ____ the scholarship for young athletes (win)
8. Please forgive me ____ to you. (not write)
9. why did you decide ____ to New Jersey? (move)
10. Why was he accused ____ ? (cheat)
11. I warned him ____ that used car. (buy)
12. Did she succeed ____ the world record? (beat)
13. The police inspector stopped everyone ____ the room (leave)
14. Why do you insist ____ them? (invite)
15. I hope you don’t object ____ our ____ until midnight? (sing)
B Use the perfect gerund to complete these sentences. Here is an example:
(She had met me) She didn’t mention…
She didn’t mention having met me.
1. (She hasn’t slept all night). She complains of …
2. (The policeman had seen the stolen car). The policeman reported…
3. (He switched out the light before he left). He remembers…
4. (He got wet at the football game). His cold was due to…
5. (They had been invited). They were very pleased at…
6. (I forgot to inform you). I apologize for…
7. (She made several mistakes). She admits…
8. (I wore my sister’s new sweater). I deny…
C Join the following pairs of sentences using a gerund with or without the possessive form of a personal pronoun as necessary:
1. Please forgive me. I bumped into you.
2. She dances. She likes it.
3. He is always late. I don’t mind it.
4. They treated us well. We never forgot it.
5. I get up early. I never like it.
6. He helped me. I appreciate it.
7. He always gets to class late. She doesn’t approve of it.
8. She stayed up late. They objected to it.
9. I fell off my chair. Can you imagine this?
10.I go out alone at night. My parents dislike this.
11.He got into trouble. We were afraid of this.
12.Please excuse me. I am late.
Writing: Choose a product that you would like to sell online. Prepare an advertisement to post on an auction website.
Career skills: Making and responding to offers (str.98)
Culture at work: The importance of relationships (str.99)
[1] The use of gerund is given in G.Grba, K.Radovanovic (1995:100).
[2] This difference in meaning is given in G.Grba, K.Radovanovic (1995:108).
Lobbies
Unit 12 – Lobbies – Finding a voice
Keynotes: charities, pressure groups, industry groups, lobby, petition, demonstration litigation, boycott,
Reading: the text: ‘Of celebrities, charity and trade’
Vocabulary from the text: free-trader, subsistence farming, protectionism, slum, to improve one’s economy, to reveal, rose-grower, debt relief, household, voter, celebrity, charitable, liberalization, sacrifice
Speaking: Do you think celebrities should get involved in international politics and economies, Why? Why not?
Grammar: Modal verbs of obligation
We can use have to + infinitive, must + infinitive and should + infinitiveto express obligation (something you have to do).
Present
Positive
Negative
have to /
don't have tostrong obligation (possibly from outside)
· Children have to go to school.
(sometimes 'have got to')
no obligation
· I don't have to work on Sundays.
· You don't have to eat anything you don't like.
must / mustn't
strong obligation (possibly based on the speaker's opinion)
· I must study today.
negative obligation
· You mustn't smoke here.
should / shouldn't
mild obligation or advice
· You should save some money.
mild negative obligation or advice
· You shouldn't smoke so much.
Be careful about the difference between mustn't and don't have to!
Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:- You mustn't eat so much chocolate, you'll be sick
Don't have to means you don't need to do something, but it's fine if you want to do it:
- I don't have to get up early at the weekend(of course, if I want to get up early, that's fine, but I can stay in bed if I want).
Past
Positive
Negative
had to / didn't have to
obligation in the past
· I had to wear a school uniform when I was a child.
no obligation in the past
· We didn't have to go to school on Saturdays.
must*
changes to 'had to'
-
should have + pp / shouldn't have + pp
a past action which didn't happen: the advice / regret is too late
· You should have gone to bed earlier, now you have missed the train.
a past action which didn't happen: the advice / regret is too late
· You shouldn't have taken that job., it was a bad idea.
Writing: Formal letters vs. informal emails
Career skills: Making a case (str.107)
Culture at work: Attitudes to silence during discussions (str.107)
Communication
Unit 13 – Communication – Messaging meltdown
Keynotes: communication policies, telecommunications, voicemail, information overload, IT, information flow
Reading: the text: ‘Coping with infoglut’
Vocabulary from the text: deluge, overwhelming, culprit, junkie, to transmit, mental disorder, white-collar worker, to redefine, lower-level worker, Chief Finance Officer, to expense, intrusive, convenient, reportedly, messaging meltdown, to reinforce, chief tax counsel, self-admitted, to oustrip
Speaking: What is your preferred way to communicate with friends and colleagues? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following forms of communication: post, email, fax, telephone, text messaging?
Grammar: Reported speech Direct and Indirect Speech
There are two ways of reporting or repeating someone else’s words in communication. When we use someone’s exact words, we use the direct speech. In writing these words are put between inverted commas. In indirect speech we give the same meaning, we retell someone’s words, but repeat them in a different form from their original. Indirect speech is not separated by inverted commas in writing.
’Don’t leave your wet umbrella on the table’, the man said. (Direct speech)
The man told me not to leave my wet umbrella on the table. (Indirest speech)
Reporting someone’s words from direct to indirect speech involves many changes. When the reporting verb is in one of the present tenses (The Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect) or future tenses, there is no change of tense in the words reported. There is only the necessary change of pronoun:
’I would like to come with you.’
Mary says (that) she would like to come with us.
‘We live in a small house in the suburb.’
Josh says that they live in a small house in the suburb.
Statements in Indirect Speech have the same meaning as in Direct Speech, but they are only given in a different form from those originally spoken. When turning direct statements into indirect ones a change may occur in
a) punctuation
b) pronouns
c) the conjunction that may appear joining direct statements and indirect forms:
If the reporting verb is in the repent or future tenses there is no change of tense in the reported words:
“I know this is our great chance.”
Ann says (that) she knows this is our great chance.
“Tom lost one of my books and never apologized.”
Ann says (that) Tom lost one of her books and never apologized.
When direct Questions are turned into an indirect questions:
-the interrogative construction of the direct question is replaced by the statement construction in the indirect question;
-the connective joining the indirect question to the principal clause is if or whether, except when the direct question begins with an interrogative such as Who? What? Why? etc., in which case this interrogative is the connective.
“Is Charles your brother?”
Ann wants to know if Charles is my brother.
“Where do you live?”
The girl asks me where I live.
In indirect questions there is not much difference in meaning between whether and if: He asked me if (whether) I had seen the film.
Whether usually expresses a doubt and an alternative possibility or a choice between two alternatives:
I don’t know whether I should go or stay here.
Whether is also used before an infinitive:
She hasn’t decided whether to sail or fly to America.
When a direct Command is turned into an indirect one, the following changes occur:
-the verbs used are: order, command, tell, ask, request;
-a direct object representing the person ordered is introduced;
-the imperative form of the verb in the direct command becomes the corresponding infinitive;
“Go away!” He orders us to go away.
OFFICER: (to soldiers): Fire!
The officer commands the soldiers to fire.
“Don’t all answer at once”.
The teacher tells them not to answer all at once.
When the reporting verb is in the past tense, all the verbs in direct speech are changed to their corresponding past form. There are also changes of other parts of speech (pronouns, adverbs).
“Are you coming with us tomorrow?”
Tom asked Ann if she was coming with them the next day.
“The guests left yesterday.”
The receptionist said that the guests had left the day before.
When the reporting verb is in the past tense (He said that…) all the verbs in direct speech are generally (but not always) replaced by corresponding verbs in the past tense. The changes are:
Tense
Tense
PRESENT SIMPLE
becomes
PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE TENSE
shall and will
FUTURE IN THE PAST
should and would
Examples:
Direct
Indirect
I write home every week.
She said that she wrote home every week.
I am going to the supermarket.
He said that he was going to the supermarket.
We have just arrived.
She said they had just arrived.
I wrote a letter to my brother.
She said that she had written a letter to her brother.
They will join us on Friday.
He said that they would join them on Friday.
When a statement or question is reported at a later time, other non-verbal changes may be necessary. Thus, the words denoting ‘nearness’ become the corresponding words denoting remoteness:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
today
the same day/that day
tomorrow
the next/following day
next week/year
the following week/year
yesterday
the day before
last month / year
the month /year before
here
there
(two weeks) ago
(two weeks) before
this/these
that/those
now
immediately /then
For example:
“I saw the boy here in this room today.”
He said that he had seen the boy there, in that room that day.
“I spoke to them yesterday”.
He said that he had spoken to them the day before.
In some cases verbs do not change their tense when they are put into reported speech:
· verbs in past tenses after wish, would rather, as if, as though, it’s time
“I wish you were here.”
He said (that) he wished you were there.
“It’s time we took some serious measures”.
She said (that) it was time they took some serious measures.
· the verbs might, could, should, ought to, had better, used to:
“He might come today”. She said (that) he might come that day.
“We had better leave now” She said (that) they had better leave then.
· the verbs in Type 2 and 3 conditionals:
“I would help them if they asked me”
She said that she would help them if they asked her.
“I would have helped them if they had asked me”.
She said that she would have helped them if they had asked her.
It is not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report something and the situation ‘hasn’t changed’, you do not need to change the verb to the past:
Paul said: ”My new job is very interesting.”
Paul said that his new job is very interesting.
(The situation hasn’t changed. The job is still interesting.)
You can also change the verb to the past:
Paul said that his new job was very interesting.
Writing: Reporting an event
Career skills: Summarizing (str.117)
Culture at work: Attitudes to interruptions (str.117)
Logistics
Unit 14 – Logistics – The Invisible industry
Keynotes: flow of products, raw materials, inventory, freight industry, supply chain
Reading: the text: ‘The best thing since the barcode’
Vocabulary from the text: adoption, to shrink, invasive, to forgo, shelf, tracking technology, smart tags, microchips, to plunge, labour-intensive, error-prone, to scan, conveyor belt, shipment error, to argue, invasive, checkout, traceable, specifications, to forgo, the kill command, to suspect
Speaking: Would you object to buying goods with smart tags? Why? Why not?
Grammar: Passive Passive Voice
If the person or thing denoted by the subject of a sentence is the doer of the action, then that form of the verb is the active voice:
The boy broke the window. (active voice)
If the person or thing denoted by the subject of a sentence is the receiver or sufferer of the action, than the form of the verb is the passive voice:
The window was broken by the boy. (passive voice)
The passive voice is formed by the appropriate tense of the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb.
active
passive:
BE + past participle of the main verb
infinitive
to make
to be made
the present simple tense
John makes it.
It is made.
the present Continuous Tense
John is making it.
It is being made.
the past simple tense
John made it.
It was made.
the past continuous tense
John was making it.
It was being made.
the present perfect tense
John has made it.
It has been made.
the past perfect tense
John had made it.
It had been made.
the future tense
John will make it.
It will be made.
modals in the passive
John could make it.
It could be made.
The passive voice is not merely a transformation from the active voice, able to replace it without any change of meaning. There is a difference of emphasis. When we want to emphasize the performer of the action, we generally use the active voice; when we want to emphasize the action, or the receiver of the action, we use the passive voice. For example in the sentence:
John is rewriting the text.
Our interest is on John, and the sentence could be an answer to the question: ‘What is John doing?’
On the other hand, in the sentence:
The text is being rewritten by John.
The emphasis is on the text and the fact that it is being rewritten. Thus, this sentence could be an answer to the question: ‘What is happening to the text?’ We are also not concerned with who is doing it and the agent could easily be omitted. This is particularly the case when the agent is vague, unimportant or unknown. For example, in turning the following sentence from active to passive voice:
People in Japan make good cars.
The answer should be:
Good cars are made in Japan. NOT
Good cars are made in Japan by people.
Sometimes it is necessary to mention the agent of the action in order to make the meaning clear:
The lectures were organized by the Department of Latin American studies.
As it could be seen from the chart, the modal verbs are followed by the passive infinitive:
The earthquake could have destroyed the whole village.
The whole village could have been destroyed by the earthquake.
They may cancel my trip to New York.
My trip to New York may be cancelled.
Someone should deal with this problem.
This problem should be dealt with.
As it could be seen from the previous example, if the verb is followed by a preposition or an adverb in the active sentence, it must be retained in passive, as well.
Impersonal constructions in the passive are often used with the following verbs: say, think, feel, expect, know, believe, understand, consider, find, report, suppose. Here are some examples:
People say that he is a talented actor.
It is said that he is a very talented actor. or
He is said to be a very talented actor.
Notice on a Melbourne coast:
We expect the penguins to arrive about 8 p.m.
The penguins are expected to arrive about 8 p.m.
If the idea we are talking about refers to an earlier state or action, then the perfect infinitive is used:
People believe that he improved the company operations.
He is believed to have improved the company operations.
We use the construction have something done to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us. Thus, there is a difference in meaning in
Tom repaired the gate. , meaning that he did it himself, whereas in the sentence:
Tom had the gate repaired. It is clearly indicated that he arranged for somebody else to repair it. We should be careful with the word order, because the past participle comes after the object in this construction:
have
object
past participle
Tom had
the roof
repaired.
Where will you have
your hair
cut?
They are having
their living-room
redecorated at the moment.
How often do you have
your car
serviced?
We can also say ‘get something done’, instead of ‘have something done’ mostly in informal spoken English:
I really think you should get your hair cut shortly, Bob!
Sometimes the construction ‘have/get something done’ is used to denote the action that happens to somebody or their belongings without their will, i.e. they have not arranged for this to happen:
They got all their money stolen while they were on holiday in Barcelona.
Exercises:
A Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form, present or
past:
cause damage hold invite make
overtake show surround translate write
1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving.
2. Cheese ____________________ from milk.
3. The roof of the building ___________________________ in a storm a few days ago.
4. You ____________________________ to the wedding. Why didn’t you go?
5. A cinema is a place where films __________________.
6. In the United States, elections for president ____________________ every four years.
7. Originally the book _______________________ in Spanish, and a few years ago it ____________________ into English.
8. Although we were driving quite fast, we ____________________ by a lot of other cars.
9. You can’t see the house from the road. It ____________________ by trees.
B Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a passive sentence:
1. Somebody cleans these offices every day. The offices are cleaned every day.
2. They cancelled all the flights because of the fog. All ….
3. People don’t use this road much. This road….
4. Somebody accused John of stealing money. John ….
5. How do people learn languages? How…
6. Somebody warned the tourists not to go a guide. The tourists….
C Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active, sometimes passive:
1. There’s somebody behind us. (I think /we/ follow) I think we’re being followed.
2. The room looks different. (you / paint / the walls?) Have you painted the walls?
3. My umbrella has disappeared. (it /steal!) It _______________________________.
4. Sally gets a higher salary now. (she / promote) She ________________________.
5. We can’t use our office at the moment. (it /redecorate) It_____________________.
6. I wonder how Jane is these days. ( I / not / see /for ages)_____________________.
7. The photocopies broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK. (it/work/again; it/repair).
It _____________________. It ______________________________.
D Write the sentences in another way, beginning with the words provided:
1. They didn’t give me the information I needed.
I wasn’t given the information I needed.
2. The asked me some difficult questions at the interview.
I ___________________________________________
3. Tom’s colleagues gave him a present when he retired.
Tom ________________________________________
4. Nobody informed us about the meeting.
We _________________________________________
5. How much will they pay you or the work?
How much will you ____________________________
6. Has anybody told you what to do?
Have you ____________________________________
Speaking: Prepare difficult questions to ask other groups about the following topics: the economy, the company, a bad sporting experience
Career skills: Dealing with questions (str. 125)
Culture at work: Attitudes to critical questions (str.125)
Innovation
Unit 15 – Innovation – Pushing the limits
Keynotes: feature, effective, to launch an innovation, degree of risk, margin, obsolete
Reading: the text: ‘Failure is glorious’
Vocabulary from the text: house wares, trendsetting design, borderline, to bomb, to revel, breakthrough, the reins, offerings, squeezer, to conquer, prototype, kettle, fiasco, engineering, progressive, cage
Speaking: How have some products like camera, TV set, gramophone, telephone been developed over time? What new features and designs have improved their quality?
Grammar: Past modals
modal verbs followed by perfect infinitive refer to the past.
FORM: Modal + Have (Infinitive) + Past Participle
1. must have done = we are almost sure something happened in the past
· Jane wasn't feeling well yesterday. She must have caught a cold.
· Bill didn't answer the phone when I called him. He must have fallen asleep.
2. can't have done = we are almost sure something did not happen in the past
· She can't have forgotten to send you an invitation. I gave her your address.
· They can't have gone to bed late. They were very tired.
3. may / might / could have done = it is possible that something happened in the past but we aren't sure.
· Laura hasn't arrived yet. She may/might/could have missed the bus.
· I didn't see Paul at work. He may/might/could have been ill.
4. could have done = we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it.
· You could have told us about the new project!
· She could have called me when she arrived but she forgot.
5. should have / ought to have done = (a) it was the right thing to do but we didn't do it. (b) we expected something to happen but it didn't.
· You should have told him the truth.
· They ought to have received the cheque by now.
6. would have done = we wanted to do something but we didn't do it in the end.
· They would have emailed you but the Internet was down yesterday.
· I would have bought that DVD but I didn't have enough money.
7. needn't have done = it wasn't necessary to do something but we did it.
· You needn't have gone to the supermarket. I've already done the shopping.
· The weather was warm and sunny. I needn't have taken an umbrella.
Speaking: Think of a decision you made in the past which may not have been the best one in the circumstances. Tell your partner what happened and say how you should / could have acted instead
Career skills: Reviewing achievement (str.133)
Culture at work: Giving praise (str. 133)
Literatura
Osnovna literatura:
· Trappe, T.; Tullis, G.. 2006. Intelligent Business Coursebook, Intermediate Business English. Pearson Education Limited.
· Pile, L. 2006. Intelligent Business Workbook, Intermediate, Pearson Education Limited.
Dodatna literatura:
· Johnson, C. 2006: Intelligent Business Intermediate, Skills book , Pearson Education Limited.
· Maltez, K. 2006. Grammar Practice (Gramaticke vezbe iz engleskog jezika za studente Megatrend univerziteta), Megatrend univerzitet, Beograd.
Ispitna pitanja za usmeni deo ispita
Unit 9
· Have you ever applied for a job? What steps are involved in the application process?
· Have you ever attended an interview for the job? What sort of questions were you asked?
· Imagine you were given a responsibility of hiring several thousand employees for a new hotel in a short period of time. How would you organize the recruitment process
· What do you think of the recruitment methods used at the Bellagio? Would you like to be recruited in this way?
Unit 10
· Discuss the list of copyright infringements on page 86. Which do you consider to be the most dishonest?
· Are there cases of copyright infringements in your country?
Unit 11
· Have you ever bought or sold something on e-Bay? What was your experience like?
· Think of one major item that you have either bought or sold recently. How did the transaction take place? Did you negotiate the price? Were you satisfied with the result?
Unit 12
· Do you thinkg the celebritieas should get involved in international policies and economics? Why? Why not?
· Which of the acts of protestr would you be willing to take part in? (look at page 102)
· What obligations affect affect you at work/school? Remember to make the difference between obligations and guidelines.
· Do you thinkg internet petitions are a powerful and effective tool or just junk mail? Have you ever signed one? Why? Why not?
Unit 13
· What is your preferred way to communicate with friends and colleagues?
· What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following forms of communication: post, email, fax, telephone, text messaging?
Unit 14
· Would you object to buying goods with smart tags? Why? Why not?
· Prepare difficult questions to ask other groups about the following topics: the economy, the company, a bad sporting experience
Unit 15
· How have some products like camera, TV set, gramophone, telephone been developed over time? What new features and designs have improved their quality?
· Think of a decision you made in the past which may not have been the best one in the circumstances. Tell your partner what happened and say how you should / could have acted instead
Tema 10